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赛鸽耐力与饥饿训练(尹涤生)

2014-11-17 17:09:49 金秋鸽舍-林子峰+林子淳

    作者主页:haidageshe.520d.com 加入时间:2005-10-19 14:44:07 点击数: 评论  赛鸽耐力与饥饿训练(尹涤生)   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------       耐 力 素 质 是 赛 鸽 竞 翔 运 动 必 须 具 备 的 素 质 , 它 是 赛 鸽 长 时 间 进 行 肌 肉 活 动 的 具 体 表 现 。 人 们 为 了 有 效 提 高 赛 鸽 长 时 间 飞 行 运 动 的 耐 力 水 平 , 采 用 了 经 常 性 训 放 手 段 , 并 且 在 竞 翔 比 赛 活 动 中 取 得 了 满 意 的 成 绩 。 但 是 , 在 异 地 放 飞 训 练 中 的 最 初 阶 段 , 有 相 当 一 部 分 赛 鸽 因 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 还 没 达 到 与 放 飞 训 练 的 耐 力 素 质 相 适 应 的 水 平 , 因 此 一 部 分 训 放 鸽 迟 返 巢 或 者 在 中 途 丢 失 。 扑 非 这 一 部 分 迟 归 鸽 和 丢 失 鸽 本 身 不 行 , 许 多 事 例 说 明 , 其 中 相 当 一 部 分 鸽 子 在 异 地 棚 舍 经 过 新 主 人 的 饲 养 和 训 练 之 后 , 再 经 过 训 飞 和 竞 翔 , 取 得 了 意 想 不 到 的 成 功 。 作 者 曾 于 2 0 0 1 年 四 月 遇 到 一 只 环 号 为 “ 2 0 0 0 - 1 9 - 1 4 8 7 1 0 ” 灰 雄 鸽 , 该 鸽 羽 条 上 盖 有 岭 南 印 记 , 从 它 到 来 的 情 况 分 析 , 显 然 是 一 只 竞 翔 未 归 的 赛 鸽 。 经 过 近 两 个 月 饲 养 和 调 理 , 体 能 明 显 恢 复 , 让 其 配 对 后 开 条 , 于 六 月 十 九 日 竞 翔 五 百 公 里 南 宁 获 得 第 二 名 。 这 只 灰 雄 是 何 地 的 , 当 时 是 训 练 还 是 竞 翔 ? 作 者 希 望 鸽 主 能 与 我 们 联 系 , 以 使 我 们 的 科 研 工 作 进 一 步 深 人 。 赛 鸽 在 一 两 百 公 里 空 距 的 放 飞 训 练 过 程 中 , 由 于 受 环 境 因 素 的 影 响 , 一 般 需 要 经 过 两 小 时 以 上 的 持 续 飞 行 运 动 , 耐 力 素 质 水 平 差 的 鸽 子 很 难 承 受 这 种 运 动 量 , 从 而 导 致 大 量 赛 鸽 丢 失 的 现 象 。           如 何 促 进 赛 鸽 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 以 适 应 耐 力 素 质 的 发 展 , 为 它 们 放 飞 训 练 打 下 坚 实 的 基 础 , 从 而 提 高 放 飞 训 练 效 果 呢 ? 本 文 试 以 运 动 科 学 理 论 为 指 导 , 探 索 饥 饿 训 练 的 理 论 依 据 、 途 径 和 方 法 , 旨 在 寻 找 一 条 促 进 赛 鸽 耐 力 素 质 发 展 的 新 途 径 。                 一 . 耐 力 素 质 的 生 理 基 础 和 县 体 表 现 。 我 们 在 探 讨 耐 力 素 质 的 生 理 基 础 和 具 体 表 现 时 , 首 先 要 弄 清 两 个 基 本 概 念 :            第 一 , 什 么 叫 耐 力 ? 它 是 指 有 机 体 长 时 间 进 行 肌 肉 活 动 的 能 力 , 也 可 看 作 是 对 抗 疲 劳 的 能 力 。       第 二 , 指 赛 鸽 在 几 百 公 里 乃 至 上 千 公 里 空 距 的 竞 翔 返 巢 活 动 中 , 它 们 以 一 定 的 速 度 飞 行 , 并 且 是 持 续 几 个 小 时 或 十 几 个 小 时 的 肌 肉 活 动 。 从 赛 鸽 的 飞 行 时 间 和 速 度 上 充 分 表 现 了 耐 力 或 超 长 耐 力 的 特 点 。           赛 鸽 的 耐 力 素 质 具 体 表 现 在 它 们 的 竞 翔 飞 行 运 动 中 。 从 一 般 耐 力 的 生 理 基 础 分 析 , 它 必 须 具 备 以 下 三 个 条 件 : 首 先 是 大 脑 皮 质 的 机 能 。 它 是 耐 力 素 质 表 现 出 来 的 神 经 系 统 和 脑 的 先 天 解 剖 生 理 特 点 , 这 种 特 点 表 现 在 下 个 方 面 , 即 大 脑 皮 质 具 有 长 时 问 保 持 兴 奋 与 抑 制 有 节 律 转 换 的 能 力 ; 大 脑 皮 质 中 参 与 活 动 的 运 动 中 枢 之 间 的 协 调 性 得 到 改 善 ; 能 够 改 善 运 动 器 “ 自 和 植 物 性 器 官 机 能之 间 的 协 调 性 。 其 中 内 脏 器 官 的 活 动 强 度 能 很 好 地 适 应 运 动 器 官 的 活 动 强 度 , 吸 氧 量 和 需 氧 量 达 到 平 衡 。       第 二 是 内 脏 器 官 机 能 水 平 的 提 高 , 能 保 证 运 动 器 官 运 动 时 问 延 长 。 赛 鸽 在 竞 翔 归 巢 运 动 中 , 长 时 问 的 肌 肉 活 动 时 , 血 液 循 环 、 呼 吸 和 排 泄 等 器 官 的 活 动 , 必 须 与 飞 行 运 动 相 适 应 , 以 满 足 大 脑 和 神 经 系 统 、 肌 肉 收 缩 运 动 对 能 量 物 质 的 需 要 。             第 三 是 机 体 能 量 供 应 特 点 。 赛 鸽 在 长 时 间 ( 如 凡 个 小 时 或 者 更 长 时 间 ) 的 飞 行 运 动 中 , 单 位 时 间 内 能 量 消 耗 并 不 大 , 心 血 管 系 统 和 呼 吸 系 统 能 够 保 证 每 分 钟 供 给 需 氧 量 。 另 外 , 在 长 时 问 耐 力 运 动 中 , 肌 肉 中 糖 原 、 肝 糖 原 逐 渐 消 耗 为 能 使 肌 肉 继 续 工 作 提 供 能 量 的 来 源 , 机 体 必 须 动 员 脂 肪 供 能 来 满 足 飞 行 运 动 的 需 要 。 随 着 运 动 时 问 延 长 , 脂 肪 氧 化 供 能 的 比 例 增 大 , 提 高 了 动 用 脂 肪 供 能 的 能 力 。 由 此 可 见 , 在 神 经 系 统 的 支 配 厂 机 体 动 员 脂 肪 供 能 的 能 力 和 水 平 , 是 赛 鸽 在 竞 翔 返 巢 活 动 中 耐 力 素 质 的 物 质 基 础 。               二 . 耐 力 素 质 的 机 体 能 量 供 应                 从 耐 力 素 质 发 展 因 素 分 析 , 提 高 动 物 心 血 管 耐 力 是 耐 力 素 质 的 重 要 因 素 。 有 研 究 证 明 , 心 血 管 耐 力 是 循 环 系 统 保 证 机 体 长 时 间 进 行 肌 肉 活 动 时 , 营 养 及 氧 的 供 应 和 运 走 代 谢 废 物 的 能 力 。 其 中 内 脏 器 官 机 能 的 提 高 , 能 保 证 运 动 时 问 的 延 长 。             赛 鸽 在 进 行 长 时 问 耐 力 运 动 时 , 血 液 循 环 、 呼 吸 和 排 泄 器 官 的 活 动 必 须 与 飞 行 运 动 相 适 L , 以 满 足 肌 肉 收 缩 运 动 时 对 营 养 物 质 和 氧 的 需 要 。 此 外 更 为 重 要 的 是 , 耐 力 素 质 水 平 高 的 赛 鸽 , 其 机 体 能 量 代 谢 绝 大 部 分 为 有 氧 代 谢 供 能 , 随 着 运 动 过 程 中 肌 肉 中 的 糖 原 和 肝 糖 原 逐 渐 消 耗 , 机 体 动 用 脂 肪 供 能 的 比 例 增 大 。             体 内 脂 肪 的 分 解 代 谢 是 肌 肉 长 时 问 活 动 时 能 量 供 应 的 重 要 来 源 。 运 动 科 学 研 究 证 明 , 同 样 重 量 的 脂 肪 和 糖 在 完 全 氧 化 生 成 二 氧 化 碳 和 水 时 , 脂 肪 释 放 的 能 量 较 多 , 加 之 体 内 储 存 的 糖 原 极 为 有 限 , 利 用 脂 肪 供 应 能 量 显 得 十 分 重 要 。 体 内 各 组 织 细 胞 除 成 熟 的 红 细 胞 外 , 几 乎 都 有 氧 化 脂 肪 或 其 分 解 产 物 的 能 力 , 一 般 情 况 下 , 脂 肪 在 体 内 氧 化 时 先 在 脂 肪 酶 的 催 化 下 , 水 解 成 为 脂 肪 酸 和 甘 油 。 脂 肪 组 织 中 储 存 脂 肪 的 动 员 是 由 许 多 激 素 ( 如 肾上 腺 素 等 ) 调 节 的 , 这 些 激 素 先 与 靶 细 胞 膜 受 体 作 用 , 激 活 腺 着 酸 环 化 酶 , 使 细 胞 内 环 腺 着 酸 增 加 , 激 活 蛋 白 激 酶 , 后 者 再 激 活 脂 肪 酶 使 脂 肪 水 解 成 脂 肪 酸 和 甘 油 。             在 肝 脏 中 , 甘 油 首 先 磷 酸 化 生 成 磷 酸 甘 油 , 再 氧 化 生 成 磷 酸 甘 油 醛 , 然 后 进 人 机 体 糖 的 代 谢 途 径 。 在 氧 气 充 足 时 , 可 经 三 核 酸 循 环 彻 底 氧 化 生 成 二 氧 化 碳 和 水 , 并 提 供 耐 力 运 动 所 需 要 的 大 量 能 量 。 除 甘 油 供 能 外 , 脂 肪 酸 的 分 解 是 在 细 胞 的 线 粒 体 中 进 行 的 , 在 脂 肪 酸 氧 化 酶 系 作 用 下 , 使 脂 肪 酸 逐 步 氧 化 断 裂 为 二 碳 单 位 的 乙 酸 辅 酶 A , 再 经 三 陵 酸 循 环 彻 底 氧 化 为 二 氧 化 碳 和 水 , , 并 释 放 出 大 量 的 能 量 。             脂 肪 酸 在 肌 肉 等 组 织 中 能 彻 底 氧 化 产 生 二 氧 化 碳 和 水 并 提 供 能 量 。 但 在 某 些 器 官 , 主 要 是 在 肝 脏 中 脂 肪 酸 的 氧 化 很 不 完 全 。 因 而 体 内 经 常 出 现 一 些 脂 肪 酸 氧 化 的 中 间 产 物 , 这 些 中 间 产 物 是 乙 酰 乙 酸 、 B 、 羟 基 丁 酸 和 丙 酮, 它 们 是 脂 肪 分 解 的 正 常 中 间 产 物 , 在 细 胞 和 血 液 中 无 有 少 量 存 在 。 当 赛 鸽 竞 翔 时 长 时 间 的 肌 肉 活 动 或 者 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 , 就 会 出 现 乙 酰 乙 酸 B 一 羟 基 丁 酸 和 丙 酮 增 多 的 现 象 , 这 类 物 质 在 运 动 化 学 术 语 中 总 称 为 “ 酮 生 成 酮 体 的 主 要 器 官 。 在 机 体 脂 肪 氧 化 供 给 能 量 的 过 程 中 , 酮 体 是 联 系 肝 脏 与 肝 外 组 织 ( 如 用 L 肉 收 缩 运 动 , 肾 脏 的 排 泄 运 动 等 ) 之 间 的 一 种 特 殊 运 输 形 式 , 其 生 理 意 义 在 于 体 内 脂 肪 氧 化 供 给 能 量 的 过 程 中 , 器 官 与 组 织 之 间 的 相 互 配 台 和 协 调 分 工 问 题 , 一 方 面 利 用 肝 脏 特 有 的 诠 活 性 脂 肪 酸 氧 化 酶 系 和 酮 体 生 成 酶 系 , 快 速 地 氧 化 分 解 脂 肪 酸 产 生 酮 体 , 转 给 肝 外 组 织 利 用 , 另 一 方 面 则 因 脂 肪 不 溶 于 水 , 在 血 液 中 运 输 有 困 难 , 而 酮 体 却 是 水 溶 性 物 质 , 便 于 运 输 。 在 上 常 情 况 下 , 血 液 中 酮 体 浓 度 相 对 恒 定 。 但 赛 鸽 在 长 时 间 的 耐 力 运 动 或 者 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 , 体 内 血 糖 含 量 有 降 低 的 趋 势 时 , 肝 脏 中 大 量 利 用 脂 肪 酸 所 产 生 的 酮 体 成 为 脑 组 织 、 肌 肉 组 织 等 以 获 取 能 量 的 重 要 物 质 。             从 脂 肪 供 能 体 系 中 清 楚 地 了 解 到 , 赛 鸽 机 体 动 员 脂 肪 供 给 肌 肉 长 时 问 活 动 , 是 耐 力 素 质 能 量 的 主 要 来 源 。 赛 鸽 机 体 在 调 节 脂 肪 供 能 过 程 中 , 是 通 过 神 经 系 统 和 激 素 的 作 用 来 实 现 的 , 其 中 激 素 对 脂 肪 代 谢 的 调 节 更 加 明 显 , 对 脂 肪 代 谢 影 响 较 大 的 激 素 有 胰 岛 素 、 肾 上 腺 素 、 生 长 激 素 、 胰 高 血 糖 素 、 促 肾 上 腺 皮 质 激 素 、 甲 状 腺 素 、 促 甲 状 腺 素 、 性 激 素 等 。 其 中 促 使 赛 鸽 保 证 长 时 问 肌 肉 收 缩 运 动 时 脂 肪 的 动 员 和 氧 化 供 给 能 量 的 激 素 有 背 上 腺 素 、 促 肾 上 腺 皮 质 激 素 、 甲 状 腺 素 、 生 长 激 素 。 赛 鸽 在 竞 翔 返 巢 运 动 过 程 中 , 长 时 问 的 肌 肉 活 动 , 上 述 激 素 的 分 泌 量 增 加 。 例 如 肾 上 腺 素 可 促 进 肌 肉 糖 原 和 肝 糖 原 的 分 解 , 并 供 给 肌 肉 运 动 所 需 的 能 量 。 另 外 对 脂 肪 代 谢 的 影 响 是 增 强 脂 肪 动 员 与 氧 化 供 能 , 使 赛 鸽 机 体 处 于 能 是 动 员 状 态 。 脂 肪 在 分 解 代 谢 过 程 中 , 经 过 一 系 列 转 化 成 为 葡 萄 糖 , 再 经 糖 异 生 途 径 维 持 运 动 时 血 糖 的 相 对 恒 定 。 糖 异 生 途 径 是 脂 肪 转 化 供 给 能 量 的 重 要 途 径 。 它 可 以 使 赛 鸽 在 长 时 间 的 飞 行 运 动 中 , 或 者 在 竞 翔 途 中 缺 乏 食 物 来 源 而 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 , 保 证 机 体 所 需 能 量 的 供 给 。 赛 鸽 竞 翔 或 实 验 证 明 , 能 够 经 受 长 时 间 饥 饿 的 赛 鸽 , 说 u { 4 内 储 存 的 脂 肪 在 分 解 代 谢 的 能 量 动 员 和 供 给 能 量 过 程 中 , 具 有 较 好 的 功 能 。             我 们 从 肌 肉 长 时 间 收 缩 运 动 的 供 能 体 系 中 , 了 解 到 脂 肪 供 给 能 量 是 赛 鸽 耐 力 素 质 的 物 质 基 础 , 因 此 采 取 放 飞 异 地 的 训 练 方 式 能 提 高 赛 鸽 长 时 间 肌 肉 活 动 的 能 力 。 但 是 , 在 异 地 放 飞 训 练 的 最 初 阶 段 有 相 当 部 分 具 有 潜 能 的 鸽 子 未 能 归 巢 , 其 中 一 个 重 要 原 因 是 人 们 缺 乏 赛 鸽 科 学 理 沦 和 实 践 认 识 而 导 致 的 结 果 。 总 有 那 么 一 些 信 鸽 爱 好 者 认 为 , 放 了 出 去 能 归 巢 的 鸽 子 是 好 种 , 能 取 得 冠 军 的 鸽 子 是 极 品 , 未 能 返 巢 的 鸽 子 成 为 自 然 淘 汰 的 对 象 。             我 们 在 长 期 研 究 过 程 中 , 以 运 动 科 学 理 论 为 指 导 , 充 分 认 识 到 赛 鸽 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 , 在 神 经 系 统 和 某 些 激 素 的 调 节 和 支 配 下 , 能 有 效 提 高 赛 鸽 机 体 动 员 脂 肪 供 能 的 能 力 。 随 着 赛 鸽 饥 饿 状 态 时 生 理 变 化 的 发 展 , 其 心 理 活 动 也 随 之 发 展 变 化 。 从 而 为 最 初 的 异 地 放 飞 训 练 打 下 坚 实 的 墓 础 , 为 我 们 探 讨 饥 饿 训 练 提 供 了 理 论 基 础 。   三 . 饥 饿 训 练 对 内 脏 器 官 功 能 的 影 响                 赛 鸽 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 , 随 着 机 体 内 血 糖 浓 度 下 降 到 一 定 程 度 时 , 受 植 物 生 神 经 的 支 配 , 体 内 某 些 器 官 ( 如肾上 腺 ) 的 活 动 开 始 增 强 , 肾 上 腺 素 的 分 泌 量 开 始 增 加 。 受 肾 激 素 的 影 响 , 体 内 储 存 的 脂 肪 转 化 供 给 能 量 处 于 动 员 状 态 , 脂 肪 动 员 经 肝 脏 进 一 步 转 化 为 葡 萄 糖 进 人 血 液 循 环 , 以 此 来 维 持 血 糖 浓 度 的 相 对 恒 定 , 并 提 供 生 理 活 动 所 需 的 能 量 。 一 般 来 说 , 内 脏 器 官 功 能 较 强 的 赛 鸽 在 处 于饥 饿 状 态 时 , 体 内 相 应 器 官 组 织 分 泌 激 素 的 能 力 较 强 , 动 员 脂 肪 转 化 供 给 能 量 的 速 度 较 快 , 并 且 持 续 时 间 也 较 长 。 虽 然 它 们 在 一 段 时 间 内 获 得 的 食 物 十 分 有 限 , 或 者 没 有 获 得 食 物 , 但 随 着 机 体 动 用 脂 肪 供 能 体 系 的 完 善 , 它 们 的 饥 饿 行 为 反 而 降 低 。 例 如 , 那 些 内 脏 器 官 功 能 较 差 的 鸽 子 , 见 到 饲 料 或 者 听 见 供 食 信 号 时 , 表 现 出 拼 命 的 抢 食 行 为 或 急 速 的 回 棚 等 食 的 现 象 。 甚 至 还 能 见 到 一 些 鸽 子 在 食 槽 边 吃 到 最 后 才 肯 离 去 。 实 验 表 明 , 鸽 群 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 ( 是 指 鸽 子 在 连 续 半 小 时 之 内 没 有 排 粪 表 现 ) , 听 见 发 出 供 食 信 号 即 刻 站 在 食 槽 边 等 待 的 鸽 子 , 它 们 的 内 脏 器动 用 脂 肪 供 能 的 能 力 处 于 较 低 的 水 平 , 经 过 放 飞 训 练 或 竞 翔 的 实 验 也 证 明 了 这 一 点 。 有 关 介 绍 赛 鸽 的 经 验 的 文 章 中 提 到 一 些 非 常 优 秀 的 长 距 离 赛 鸽 行 为 表 现 , 也 证 明 了 我 们 实 验 结 果 。 那 些 特 别 优 秀 的 赛 点 在 持 续 数 小 时 的 中 短 距 离 或 连 续 几 天 的 超 长 距 离 竞 翔 中 , 具 有 较 高 水 平 的 动 员 脂 肪 供 能 的 能 力 和 忍 饥 挨 饿 的 能 力 。 其 中 重 要 的 因 素 是 它 们 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 完 善 , 能 够 适 应 长 时 间 耐 力 运 动 时 能 量 供 给 的 需 要 。             饥 饿 训 练 作 为 一 种 训 练 手 段 , 必 须 依 据 科 学 理 论 指 导 。 我 们 以 巴 甫 洛 夫 的 条 件 刺 激 理 沦 为 依 据 , 减 少 饲 料 供 给 量 作 为 条 件 刺 激 , 使 赛 鸽 产 生 饥 饿 的 行 为 表 现 为 非 条 件 刺 激 , 两 者 有 机 结 台 。 经 过 饥 饿 训 练 的 赛 鸽 , 其 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 在 动 员 和 分 解 脂 肪 供 给 能 量 的 能 力 上 有 明 显 的 提 高 , 并 且 在 飞 行 运 动 能 力 上 表 现 出 以 下 特 点 :             第 一 , 经 过 饥 饿 训 练 的 赛 鸽 群 体 表 现 出 更 加 喜 欢 作 环 舍 家 飞 运 动 的 特 点 。 研 究 表 明 , 赛 鸽 环 舍 家 飞 运 动 从 某 种 意 义 上 来 说 , 完 全 足 它 们 自主 性 的 飞 翔 运 动 , 它 们 在 已 经 熟 悉 的 环 境 中 飞 翔 时 间 长 短 及 活 动 范 围 大 小 , 是 依 照 当 时 内 脏 器 官 功 能 和 机 能 水 平 的 状 况 。 经 过 了 饥 饿 训 练 的 赛 鸽 群 体 , 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 在 能 量 的 动 员 和 脂 肪 供 给 能 量 的 过 程 中 , 机 能 水 平 明 显 得 到 改 善 。 实 验 研 究 表 明 , 它 们 持 续 飞翔 的 时 间 和 间 歇 飞 翔 的 次 数 明 显 高 于 经 常 饱 食 的 对 照 组 。 它 们 飞 行 活 动 范 围 随 着 运 动 时 间 的 延 长 呈 现 逐 渐 扩 大 的 趋 势 。 表 现 出 更 加 喜 欢 飞 翔 运 动 的 特 点 。             第 二 , 经 过 饥 饿 训 练 的 赛 鸽 , 随 着 内 脏 器 官 动 用 脂 肪 供 能 能 力 的 增 强 , 它 们 在 放 飞 训 练 过 程 中 的 返 巢 速 度 和 归 巢 率 明 显 提 高 。 与 没 有 经 过 饥 饿 训 练 的 对 照 组 相 比较 , 放 飞 训 练 的 空 距 也 明 显 延 长 。             第 三 , 经 过 极 度 饥 饿 训 练 后 , 学 会 在 自 然 环 境 中 寻 找 食 物 而 仍 然 生 存 下 来 的 赛 鸽 , 在 放 飞 训 练 或 竞 翔 活 动 中 具 有 忍 饥 挨 饿 的 意 志 特 征 , 相 当 一 部 分 赛 鸽 在 竞 翔 中 经 过 十 几 天 或 者 更 长 的 时 间 , 仍 然 返 回 故 里 , 并 且 在 下 一 站 竞 翔 过 程 中 , 往 往 成 为 竞 翔 的 优 胜 者 。             第 四 , 经 过 一 定 程 度 的 饥 饿 训 练 , 从 它 们 行 为 的 具 体 表 现 中 可 以 挑 选 出 适 合 竞 翔 发 展 的 优 秀 赛 鸽 。 鸽 群 在 饥 饿 训 练 过 程 中 有 两 种 截 然 不 同 的 行 为 表 现 , 其 中 一 部 分 鸽 于 由 于 内 脏 器 官 功 能 较 差 , 或 者 有 病 及 受 体 内 寄 生 虫 等 因 素 的 影 响 , 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 在 动 员 脂 肪 能 来 维 持 正 常 生 理 活 动 时 , 并 没 有 达 到 有 效 抑 制 饥 饿 感 的 程 度 , 因 而 这 一 部 分 鸽 子 见 到 食 物 时 表 现 出 特 别 强 烈 的 求 食 行 为 , 甚 至 当 人 去 抓 它 的 时 候 没 有 逃 跑 的 表 现 。 而 那 些 内 脏 器 官 功 能 较 强 的 鸽 子 , 虽 然 它 们 饥 饿 的 时 间 相 同 , 由 于 机 体 在 动 员 储 存 的 脂 肪 分解 供 给 能 量 的 过 程 中 , 血 糖 浓 度 能 够 维 持 一 段 较 长 时 间 的 相 对 恒 定 , 从 而 向 效 地 抑 制 了 饥 饿 感 的 程 度 。 它 们 没 有 极 度 饥 饿 的 抢 食 行 为 , 极 个 别 赛 鸽 甚 至 表 现 出 无 所 谓 的 特 征 。 我 们 对 两 种 截 然 不 同 表 现 的 鸽 子 进 行 了 饥 饿 状 态 时 的 血 糖 测 定 , 同 样 证 明 了 内 脏 器 官 功 能 好 的 赛 鸽 , 维 持 血 糖 恒 定 的 时 间 明 显 强 于 内 脏 器  占 功 能 差 的 鸽 子 。 并 且 将 两 组 不 同 表 现 及 血 糖 测 定 后 分 组 的 鸽 子 进 行 放 飞 训 练 , 证 明 内 脏 器 官 功 能 较 强 组 的 耐 力 水 平 明 显 高 于 对 照 组 。 特 别 是 遇 到 恶 劣 的 天 气 条 件 ( 如 高 温 、 雨 天 等 ) 虽 然 它 们 未 能 按 期 返 巢 , 但 仍 然 表 现 出 顽 强 的 意 志 特 征 , 最 终 返 回 故 里 。                  四 、饥 饿 训 练 应 注 意 的 几 个 问 题                 饥 饿 训 练 作 为 一 种 训 练 手 段 , 是 继 异 地 放 飞 训 练 之 后 的 一 种 尝 试 。 因 为 赛 鸽 在 放 飞 训 练 或 竞 翔 运 动 过 程 中 , 能 够 获 得 的 外 源 性 能 源 物 质 极 为 有 限 , 所 以 说 它 们 动 用 体 内 储 存 的 能 源 物 质 供 给 运 动 所 需 要 的 能 量 是 竞 翔 运 动 的 物 质 基 础 。 一 只 健 康 的 赛 鸽 经 过 有 效 的 饥 饿 训 练 , 能 有 效 提 高 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 , 促 进 体 内 能 量 物 质 的 有 效 利 用 , 以 适 应 长 时 间 肌 肉 训 练 手 段 及 方 法 , 值 得 广 大 爱 好 者 深 人 细 致 地 研 究 和 探 索 , 本 文 只 是 根 据 运 动 科 学 理 论 及 实 验 结 果 , 提 出 如 下 值 得 注 意 的 问 题 :             第 一 , 健 康 的 机 体 是 饥 饿 训 练 的 基 础 。 对 赛 鸽 群 体 实 施 饥 饿 训 练 之 前 , 检 查 和 评 估 赛 鸽 的 健 康 状 况 , 如 果 患 病 或 感 染 体 内 外 寄 生 虫 导 致 体 质 下 降 , 这 种 状 况 下 饥 饿 训 练 的 结 果 会 造 成 机 能 衰 竭 。 因 此 应 对 患 病 鸽 给 予 有 效 治 疗 , 促 进 体 内 能 源 物 质 的 储备 , 然 后 再 行 饥 饿 训 练 。             第 二 , 坚 持 早 期 训 练 的 原 则 。 幼 鸽 出 壳 4 0 天 左 右 , 只 要 哺 喂 的 营 养 能 够 满 足 生 长 发 育 的 需 要 , 一 般 情 况 下 生 长 都 较 迅 速 。 由 于 幼 鸽 在 生 长 发 育 阶 段 的 能 量 代 谢 过 程 是 以 合 成 代 谢 为 主 , 因 此 早 期 训 练 能 有 效 地 促 进 体 内 能 源 物 质 储 备 的 分 解 代 谢 , 使 机 体 合 成 代 谢 与 分 解 代 谢 逐 渐 达 到 与 运 动 需 要 相 适 应。 幼 鸽 出 棚 后 有 一 段 学 习 取 食 的 过 程 , 由 于 它 们 最 初 取 食 量 有 限 , 身 体 的 重 量 逐 渐 减 轻 , 储 备 的 能 量 物 质 大 量 消 耗 , 为 它 们 提 早 进 人 群 体 飞 翔 运 动 创 造 了 条 件 。 幼 鸽 在 飞 翔 运 动 过 程 中 , 体 内 储 存 的 能 源 物 质 在 动 员 和 供 给 能 量 时 , 促 进 了 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能 适 应 肌 肉 收 缩 运 动 的 方 向 发 展 。 许 多 事 实 证 明 , 一 部 分 经 常 抢 不 到 足 量 饲 料 的 赛 鸽 , 处 于 半 饥 半 饱 状 态 , 营 养 物 质 的 消 化 吸 收 及 能 量 物 质 的 动 员 和 分 解 供 给 能 量 处 于 相 互 促 进 的 动 态 平 衡 。 因 而 它 们 的 运 动 能 力 明显 强 于 经 常 饱 食 的 赛 鸽 , 同 时 也 表 现 出 较 高 水 平 的 竞 翔 运 动 能 力 。 我 们 经 过 多 年 的 实 验 结 果 也 证 明 了 幼 鸽 早 期 的 饥 饿 训 练 的 效 果 。 实 验 组 与 对 照 组 比 较 , 其 耐 力 素 质 明 显 高 于 对 照 组 。 统 计 结 果 已 现 出 十 分 显 著 的 差 异 性 。             第 三 , 实 施 饥 饿 训 练 时 应 采 取 关 棚 的 方 式 。 赛 鸽 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 会 导 致 一 系 列 的 生 理 和 心 理 变 化 。 例 如 处 于 饥 饿 状 态 时 , 内 脏 器 官 分 解 脂 肪 供 给 生 理 活 动 所 需 的 能 量 增 强 。 随 着 饥 饿 程 度 的 加 剧 , 从 而 引 发 赛 鸽 外 出 寻 找 食 物 的 心 理 活 动 , 其 中 一 部 分 可 能 因 缺 乏 寻 找 食 物 的 经 验 而 容 易 误 入 他 棚 , 导 致 丢 失 。 加 之 饥 饿 训 练 的 本 身 是 提 高 它 们 内 脏 器 官 的 活 动 , 促 进 体 内 能 源 物 质 分 解 供 给 , 由 于 外 出 寻 找 食 物 , 其 结 果 根 本 没 有 达 到 饥 饿 的 要 求 。 因 此 , 对 实 施 饥 饿 训 练 的 鸽 群 及 个 体 , 应 采 取 关 棚 训 练 的 方 式 , 既 可 以 避 免 丢 失 , 又 能 够 有 效 控 制 食 物 的 摄 取 量 , 提 高 饥 饿 训 练 的 效 果 和 质量 。             第 四 , 采 取 饥 饿 训 练 应 注 意 逐 渐 减 少 饲 料 的 饲 喂 量 。 我 们 曾 做 过 两 组 实 验 , 第 一 组 采 取 逐 渐 减 少 饲 料 的 方 法 , 经 过 十 天 的 减 量 过 程 , 最 后 达 到 正 常 日 饲 料 量 的 10% , 并 且 按 这 个 饲 料 量 标 准 持 续 6 天 ; 另 一 组 采 取 突 然 中 断 饲 料 供 给 的 方 式 , 经 过 两 天 饥 饿 的 鸽  子已经 表 现 出 精 疲 力 尽 , 羽 毛 松 散 的 现 象 。 从 两 种 不 同 的 方 法 分 析 结 果 认 为 , 采 取 第 一 种 逐 渐 减 少 饲 料 量 的 方 法 , 能 使 赛 鸽 内 脏 器 官 的 功 能  消 化 吸 收 的 合 成 代 谢 功 能 , 逐 渐 转 为 以 能 量 动 员 和 分 解 代 谢 供 给 占 主 导 作 用 , 经 过 训 练 的 鸽 群 在 棚 舍 内 的 行 为 表 现 出 更 加 有 精 神 , 舍 外 飞 翔 运 动 能 力 明 显 提 高 。 而 连 续 两 天 断 绝 饲 料 供 给 的 群 鸽 , 体 质 明 显 下 降 , 从 而 造 成 体 能 超 量 恢 复 时 间 明 已 延 长 。 研 究 认 为 , 突 然 中 断 能 量 物 质 的 饥 饿 训 练 时 间 超 过 赛 鸽 所 能 承 受 的 程 度 时 , 对 它 们 的 机 体 是 一 种 伤 害 , 甚 至 导 致 内 脏 器 官 功 能 的 损 伤 。 因 此 采 取 逐 渐 减 少 饲 喂 量 的 饥 饿 训 练 方 法 比 较 适 合 赛 鸽 竞 翔 运 动 的 需 要 。             第 五 , 饥 饿 训 练 之 前 , 体 内 应 有 适 量 的 能 源 物 质 储 备 。 赛 鸽 体 内 储 备 的 能 源 物 质 包 括 糖 原、 脂 肪 、 蛋 白 质 、 维 生 素 和 矿 物 质 等 。 这 些 营 养 物 质 是 饥 饿 训 练 的 能 量 来 源 , 是 饥 饿 训 练 的 物 质 基 础 。 如 果 赛 鸽 本 身 的 能 量 物 质 储 备 不 足 , 饥 饿 训 练 的 结 果 则 适 得 其 反 。             第 六 , 饥 饿 训 练 应 在 放 飞 训 练 之 前 进 行 。 这 里 特 别 强 调 是 在 放 飞 训 练 之 前 , 而 不 是 正 式 的 竞 翔 比 赛 。 因 为 饥 饿 训 练 作 为 一 种 训 练 手 段 , 旨 在 促 进 内 脏 器 官 动 员 和 分 解 体 内 储 存 的 能 源 物 质 供 给 肌 肉 运 动 的 需 要 , 提 高 赛 鸽 飞 行 运 动 的 耐 力 水 平 , 从 生 理 上 和 心 理 上 为 放 飞 训 练 提 供 保 证 。 其 体 内 大 量 储 备 的 能 源 物 质 被 消 耗 , 这 个 时 期 的 体 能 储 备 应 该 达 到 或 者 超 过 原 来 水 平 的 恢 复 , 为 下 一 阶 段 继 续 竞 翔 打 下 坚 实 的 物 质 基 础 。 因 此 ; 赛 鸽 在 初 始 的 放 飞 训 练 与 己 经 竞 翔 返 巢 后 的 生 理 和 心 理 变 化 完 全 不 同 , 切 不 可 混 淆 , 以 免 导 致 竞 翔 的 失 败 。                   综 上 所 述 , 饥 饿 训 练 过 程 时 的 能 量 消 耗 , 与 竞 翔 比 赛 后 的 能 量 储 备 的 超 量 恢 复 是 一 对 矛 盾 , 有 待 人 们 进 一 步 深 入 地 研 究 。 本 人 只 是 从 运 动 科 学 理 论 结 合 实 验 , 对 耐 力 素 质 与 饥 饿 训 练 提 出 观 点 和 方 法 , 仅 供 赛 鸽 运 动 爱 好 者 在 实 践 过 程 中 思 考 。    查看与参与评论 去看看作者的主页 我也要投稿 如果发现本文包含有非法内容,请点这举报     

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